Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) suffer from cognitive impairment in 40-70% of the cases. There is evidence that the cognitive status is predictive for working ability and early retirement. Regular assessment of cognitive functionality is therefore urgently needed. The German validation of the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) battery was evaluated in amulticentric way with respect to its feasibility in private neurological centers across Germany. Physician assistants were trained with respect to application and scoring of BICAMS. All scored test materials were evaluated by independent neuropsychological experts. A total of 1606 BICAMS datasets were collected from 65neurological centers. Of these 1573 datasets were analyzed of which 49.7% were correctly applied and scored while mistakes in application, scoring and transformation were found in 50.3%. Interrater reliability for each subtest was found to be ICC [Formula see text] 0.953 when datasets containing mistakes were excluded. In general, BICAMS is highly recommended to be applied in standard clinical care; however, it should be emphasized that although the interrater reliability in the final sample was high, serious mistakes were found in 50.3% of cases. From these findings we conclude that nonpsychological staff have to be even more intensively trained and supervised by experts in the application and scoring of BICAMS.In general, BICAMS is highly recommended to be applied in standard clinical care; however, it should be emphasized that although the interrater reliability in the final sample was high, serious mistakes were found in 50.3% of cases. From these findings we conclude that nonpsychological staff have to be even more intensively trained and supervised by experts in the application and scoring of BICAMS. People in the criminal justice system have complex needs but often do not make use of services outside of prison, in many cases due to poorly joined up working between health and criminal justice services. The 'Engager' programme aimed to develop a complex collaborative care intervention for people leaving prison with common mental health problems that could support their transition into the community and facilitate joined up working between health, justice and social services. To augment our core intervention theory, we wanted to learn from innovative and forward-thinking services providing interagency support and/or treatment for people experiencing common mental health problems within the criminal justice system. We wanted to identify key elements of interagency practice to understand what was and was not effective in engaging people, maintaining their contact and improving mental health and other aspects of their lives. We used a multiple case study design with a focused ethnographic approach in four ions in complex, multifactorial phenomena and practice, in particular the importance of shared practice and supervision models. The approach of selecting a small number of cases representing identified knowledge gaps contributed a valuable addition to the program theory and delivery for an innovative complex intervention.The multiple case study design contributed insights as to how health and justice services work together. The main themes identified are well known factors in health and justice co-working. However, the novel insights were gleaned examining interdependence and interactions in complex, multifactorial phenomena and practice, in particular the importance of shared practice and supervision models. The approach of selecting a small number of cases representing identified knowledge gaps contributed a valuable addition to the program theory and delivery for an innovative complex intervention.This study investigated the behavioral and neural indices of detecting facial familiarity and facial emotions in human faces by dogs. Awake canine fMRI was used to evaluate dogs' neural response to pictures and videos of familiar and unfamiliar human faces, which contained positive, neutral, and negative emotional expressions. The dog-human relationship was behaviorally characterized out-of-scanner using an unsolvable task. The caudate, hippocampus, and amygdala, mainly implicated in reward, familiarity and emotion processing, respectively, were activated in dogs when viewing familiar and emotionally salient human faces. Further, the magnitude of activation in these regions correlated with the duration for which dogs showed human-oriented behavior towards a familiar (as opposed to unfamiliar) person in the unsolvable task. These findings provide a bio-behavioral basis for the underlying markers and functions of human-dog interaction as they relate to familiarity and emotion in human faces.Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of diabetes and axonopathy is its main pathological feature. Previous studies suggested an advantage of taurine against diabetes. However, there are few reports which study the effect of taurine against axonopathy. Amprenavir in vivo In this study, we confirmed that taurine significantly decreased blood glucose level, mitigated insulin resistance and improved dysfunctional nerve conduction in diabetic rats. Taurine corrected damaged axonal morphology of sciatic nerve in diabetic rats and induced axon outgrowth of Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons exposed to high glucose. Taurine up-regulated phosphorylation levels of PI3K, Akt, and mTOR in sciatic nerve of diabetic rats and DRG neurons exposed to high glucose. However, Akt and mTOR inhibitors (MK-2206 and Rapamycin) blocked the effect of taurine on improving axonal damage. These results indicate that taurine ameliorates axonal damage in sciatic nerve of diabetic rats by activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway. Our findings provide taurine as a potential candidate for axonopathy and a new evidence for elucidating protective mechanism of taurine on DPN.While it has been hypothesized that brown adipocytes responsible for mammalian thermogenesis are absent in birds, the existence of beige fat has yet to be studied directly. The present study tests the hypothesis that beige fat emerges in birds as a mechanism of physiological adaptation to cold environments. Subcutaneous neck adipose tissue from cold-acclimated or triiodothyronine (T3)-treated chickens exhibited increases in the expression of avian uncoupling protein (avUCP, an ortholog of mammalian UCP2 and UCP3) gene and some known mammalian beige adipocyte-specific markers. Morphological characteristics of white adipose tissues of treated chickens showed increased numbers of both small and larger clusters of multilocular fat cells within the tissues. Increases in protein levels of avUCP and mitochondrial marker protein, voltage-dependent anion channel, and immunohistochemical analysis for subcutaneous neck fat revealed the presence of potentially thermogenic mitochondria-rich cells. This is the first evidence that the capacity for thermogenesis may be acquired by differentiating adipose tissue into beige-like fat for maintaining temperature homeostasis in the subcutaneous fat 'neck warmer' in chickens exposed to a cold environment.

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