gated and need to be further validatedFifty four Trichoderma strains were isolated from soil samples collected from garlic and onion crops in eight different sites in Brazil and were identified using phylogenetic analysis based on combined ITS region, tef1-α, cal, act and rpb2 sequences The genetic variability of the recovered Trichoderma species was analysed by AFLP and their phenotypic variability determined using MALDI-TOF The strain clusters from both typing techniques coincided with the taxonomic determinations made from phylogenetic analysis The phylogenetic analysis showed the occurrence of Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma asperelloides, Trichoderma afroharzianum, Trichoderma hamatum, Trichoderma lentiforme, Trichoderma koningiopsis, Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Trichoderma erinaceum, in the soil samples We also identified and describe two new Trichoderma species, both in the harzianum clade of section Pachybasium, which we have named Trichoderma azevedoi sp nov and Trichoderma peberdyi sp nov The examined strains of both T azevedoi three strains and T peberdyi 12 strains display significant genotypic and phenotypic variability, but form monophyletic clades with strong bootstrap and posterior probability support and are morphologically distinct from their respective most closely related speciesEbolaviruses pose a substantial threat to wildlife populations and to public health in Africa Evolutionary analyses of virus genome sequences can contribute significantly to elucidate the origin of new outbreaks, which can help guide surveillance efforts The reconstructed between-outbreak evolutionary history of Zaire ebolavirus so far has been highly consistent By removing the confounding impact of population growth bursts during local outbreaks on the free mixing assumption that underlies coalescent-based demographic reconstructions, we find-contrary to what previous results indicated-that the circulation dynamics of Ebola virus in its animal reservoir are highly uncertain Our findings also accentuate the need for a more fine-grained picture of the Ebola virus diversity in its reservoir to reliably infer the reservoir origin of outbreak lineages In addition, the recent appearance of slower-evolving variants is in line with latency as a survival mechanism and with bats as the natural reservoir hostBACKGROUND Yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality in humans Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the most important mosquito vectors involved in their transmission Accurate identification of these species is essential for the implementation of control programs to limit arbovirus transmission, during suspected detections at ports of first entry, to delimit incursions or during presence/absence surveillance programs in regions vulnerable to invasion We developed and evaluated simple and rapid colorimetric isothermal tests to detect these two mosquito species based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification LAMP targeting the ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacer 1 ITS1 METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Samples were prepared by homogenizing and heating at 99 oC for 10 min before an aliquot was added to the LAMP reaction  https//wwwselleckchemcom/products/BIBF1120html  After 40 min incubation at 65 oC, a colour change indicated a positive result The tests were 100 sensitive and spatory diagnostic testing or could be employed as standalone tests Their speed, ease-of-use, low cost and need for minimal equipment and training make the LAMP assays ideal for adoption in low-resource settings without the need to access diagnostic laboratory servicesWhen handling a structured population in association mapping, group-specific allele effects may be observed at quantitative trait loci QTLs for several reasons i a different linkage disequilibrium LD between SNPs and QTLs across groups, ii group-specific genetic mutations in QTL regions, and/or iii epistatic interactions between QTLs and other loci that have differentiated allele frequencies between groups We present here a new genome-wide association GWAS approach to identify QTLs exhibiting such group-specific allele effects We developed genetic materials including admixed progeny from different genetic groups with known genome-wide ancestries local admixture A dedicated statistical methodology was developed to analyze pure and admixed individuals jointly, allowing one to disentangle the factors causing the heterogeneity of allele effects across groups This approach was applied to maize by developing an inbred "Flint-Dent" panel including admixed individuals that was evaluated for flowering time Several associations were detected revealing a wide range of configurations of allele effects, both at known flowering QTLs Vgt1, Vgt2 and Vgt3 and new loci We found several QTLs whose effect depended on the group ancestry of alleles while others interacted with the genetic background Our GWAS approach provides useful information on the stability of QTL effects across genetic groups and can be applied to a wide range of speciesAs sarcomeres produce the force necessary for contraction, assessment of sarcomere order is paramount in evaluation of cardiac and skeletal myocytes The uniaxial force produced by sarcomeres is ideally perpendicular to their z-lines, which couple parallel myofibrils and give cardiac and skeletal myocytes their distinct striated appearance Accordingly, sarcomere structure is often evaluated by staining for z-line proteins such as α-actinin However, due to limitations of current analysis methods, which require manual or semi-manual handling of images, the mechanism by which sarcomere and by extension z-line architecture can impact contraction and which characteristics of z-line architecture should be used to assess striated myocytes has not been fully explored Challenges such as isolating z-lines from regions of off-target staining that occur along immature stress fibers and cell boundaries and choosing metrics to summarize overall z-line architecture have gone largely unaddressed in previous work While an expert can qualitatively appraise tissues, these challenges leave researchers without robust, repeatable tools to assess z-line architecture across different labs and experiments