A variety of methods were used to assess changes in dysphagia including patient-reported outcome measures, flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing, videofluoroscopic swallow study, and high-resolution manometry 7/9 studies demonstrated clinically significant improvement in swallowing function following medialization; 4/9 studies demonstrated statistically significant improvement, and three studies did not show statistically significant improvement after intervention Study participants and outcome measures evaluating swallowing function in this review were heterogeneous Moreover, the reviewed studies are concerning for multiple risks of bias impacting their conclusions Taken together, this systematic review demonstrates limited evidence that injection augmentation and medialization thyroplasty improve swallowing function and/or safety
  In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of cholecystectomy in older individuals
 
  In this retrospective study, data from the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination database on 96,620 patients who had undergone cholecystectomy at 1060 hospitals from 2018 to 2020 were analyzed Patients were divided into five age groups lt; 75, 75-79, 80-84, 85-89, and ≥ 90years Associations between postoperative outcomes and age group were investigated by logistic regression analysis Mean differences between age groups in time to postoperative recovery and cost were also compared
 
  Older patients had higher rates of poor scores for activities of daily living and preoperative comorbidity Compared with the youngest age group lt; 75years, the odds ratios for in-hospital mortality were 300 95 confidence interval, 174-519, 754 473-1201, 1347 821-2214, and 2764 1556-4909, in the 75-79, 80-84, 85-89, and ≥ 90-year-old age group, respectively all p lt; 0001 Furthermore, the length of postoperative hospital stay and rates of postoperative complications, postoperative reintubation, and reoperation with general anesthesia increased significantly in parallel with increasing age, the highest rates being in the ≥ 90year-old age group
 
  Our real-world data highlight the worse postoperative outcomes, including a higher mortality rate, in older patients undergoing cholecystectomy Care should be taken when considering the indications for surgery in such patients
 Our real-world data highlight the worse postoperative outcomes, including a higher mortality rate, in older patients undergoing cholecystectomy Care should be taken when considering the indications for surgery in such patientsIn this study, a novel double-stranded ds RNA mycovirus, named Cordyceps chanhua alternavirus 1 CcAV1, was detected in the entomogenous fungus Cordyceps chanhua in China and characterized The complete genome of CcAV1 is composed of three dsRNA segments dsRNA 1 3,512 bp, dsRNA 2 2,655 bp, and dsRNA 3 2,415 bp Each of the three dsRNAs possesses a single open reading frame ORF dsRNA 1 encodes a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase RdRp, and dsRNA 2 and dsRNA 3 encode hypothetical protein 1 HP 1 and hypothetical protein 2 HP 2, respectively The predicted amino acid sequences of the putative RdRp, HP 1, and HP 2 had the highest identity of 6699, 4930, and 5691, respectively, to those of Aspergillus foetidus dsRNA mycovirus A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree based on RdRp amino acid sequences showed that CcAV1 clustered with members of the proposed family "Alternaviridae" Hence, we propose that Cordyceps chanhua alternavirus 1 is a novel member of the proposed family "Alternaviridae"Fli-1, a member of the ETS family of transcription factors, was discovered in 1991 through retroviral insertional mutagenesis as a driver of mouse erythroleukemias  https//wwwselleckchemcom/products/didoxhtml  In the past 30 years, nearly 2000 papers have defined its biology and impact on normal development and cancer In the hematopoietic system, Fli-1 controls self-renewal of stem cells and their differentiation into diverse mature blood cells Fli-1 also controls endothelial survival and vasculogenesis, and high and low levels of Fli-1 are implicated in the auto-immune diseases systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis, respectively In addition, aberrant Fli-1 expression is observed in, and is essential for, the growth of multiple hematological malignancies and solid cancers Here, we review the historical context and latest research on Fli-1, focusing on its role in hematopoiesis, immune response, and malignant transformation The importance of identifying Fli-1 modulators both agonists and antagonists and their potential clinical applications is discussedChronic or persistent human papillomavirus HPV infection is essential for the development of many types of carcinomas, such as cervical carcinoma Developing new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and designing more effective targeted therapeutics and treatment strategies remains urgent Numerous efforts have been made to design new drugs and vaccines to treat HPV infections Due to the special HPV infection pathway, entry inhibitors to block viral entry into target cells have been extensively and deeply studied This chapter reviews the basic characteristics of HPV infection and the various types of HPV entry inhibitors, which were found to have high safety, potent antiviral effects, and broad-spectrum activity against multiple HPV subtypes Together with the use of prophylactic vaccines, the development and application of these entry inhibitors will reduce the incidence of HPV infection and associated cancers in the futureHepatitis C virus HCV infection affects approximately 1 of the world's population and is a major cause of chronic liver diseases Although antiviral therapy consisting of direct-acting antivirals DAAs can cure the majority of HCV patients, it is still limited by viral resistances, drug-drug interactions, and high costs Moreover, the role of DAAs in the prevention of occurrences of graft reinfection in HCV patients who receive liver transplantations is still under comprehensive clinical investigation, bringing the risk of recipient reinfection HCV entry is composed of initial non-specific attachment and binding, post-binding interactions with essential host factors, internalization, and virion-cell membrane fusion to release viral RNA to cytosol Thus, a number of novel and promising targets from either virion or cellular factors of these processes become optimal interfering elements for antiviral therapy, eliminating viral infection at the very beginning Therefore, entry inhibitors can be supplemented into the future treatment regimens to optimize and widen the prevention and therapeutics of HCV infection This chapter introduces the basic HCV entry processes and summarizes molecular mechanisms and research status of the current antiviral agents targeting HCV entry in preclinical and clinical studyHuman hepatitis B virus HBV and hepatitis D virus HDV cause acute and chronic infections The latter poses a serious public health threat as it is the major cause of chronic hepatitis, liver failure, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma HCC In nature, HBV and HDV have a narrow host range and highly hepatotropic, only infecting the hepatocytes of humans and a few primates The elucidation of cell entry mechanism by HBV has made great progress in recent years, which strongly promotes the establishment of new HBV infection models and the development of viral entry inhibitors The study of HBV entry inhibitors has culminated in the first direct antiviral treatment for HDV This review provides a concise introduction on the progress of HBV/HDV entry inhibitors in the recent yearsFlaviviruses, including Dengue virus, Zika virus, Yellow fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, cause thousands of deaths and millions of illnesses each year The large outbreak of ZIKV in 2016 reminds us that flaviviruses can pose a serious threat to human safety and public health as emerging and re-emerging viruses However, there are no specific drugs approved for the treatment of flavivirus infections Due to no need to enter the cells, viral entry inhibitors have the unique advantage in suppressing viral infections Flaviviruses bind to receptors and attach to the cell surface, then enter the endosome in a clathrin-dependent manner and finalizes the viral entry process after fusion with the cell membrane in a low pH environment Small molecules, antibodies or peptides can inhibit flavivirus entry by targeting the above processes Here, we focus on flavivirus entry inhibitors with well-defined target and antiviral activity We hope that our review will provide a theoretical basis for flavivirus treatment and drug research and help to accelerate the clinical application of flavivirus entry inhibitorsEbola virus EBOV is one of the most deadliest agents already known, causing periodic epidemic of a severe hemorrhagic fever disease in Africa Although two monoclonal antibody mAb drugs have recently received approval in the USA, additional therapeutics are still needed to combat potential outbreaks of resistance variants and other closely related ebola viruses In this chapter, we describe the current understanding of the EBOV entry process and summarize the approaches, strategies, and advances in discovery and development of EBOV entry inhibitors, including therapeutic antibodies, peptides, small molecules, natural products, and other chemical structuresWith the increasing global human population, travel, and socioeconomic activities, more and more novel pathogenic viruses will emerge or re-emerge While more than 260 viruses are known to infect humans, only a small minority of these viral diseases are treatable by clinically approved antiviral drugs Apart from these identified viruses, new emerging viruses and drug-resistant viruses are also important challenges to our public health and healthcare systems The COVID-19 and influenza pandemics remind us the importance of getting broad-spectrum antivirals against emerging and re-emerging respiratory viruses Broad-spectrum antivirals against different viral families for fighting the currently known viruses and novel emerging viruses are urgently needed Viral entry is the universal first step for viral infection, and therefore is a promising target for identifying broad-spectrum antivirals In this chapter, we mainly focus on discussing the risks of respiratory viruses, the challenge of finding broad-spectrum antivirals, the entry processes of respiratory viruses, the current studies on broad-spectrum entry inhibitors for respiratory viruses, and the directions for discovering broad-spectrum antivirals in the futureInfluenza is a major challenge to health and the global economy However, the increasing emergence of drug resistance during influenza pandemics cannot be ignored It is particularly important to design and develop anti-influenza drugs with novel mechanisms of action for the treatment and prevention of influenza virus infections Virus entry is the first essential step in the viral life cycle, the prevention of which leads to suppression of viral infectivity and is an attractive antiviral strategy Here, we review the development of influenza entry inhibitors and their performance in clinical trials, including small molecule, natural product, peptide-based entry inhibitors, and other types of entry inhibitors, herein discussing some open questions Assay methods of influenza virus entry inhibitors are also outlined