The organization of fibrillar tissue on the micrometer scale carries direct implications for health and disease but remains difficult to assess in vivo Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography measures birefringence, which relates to the microscopic arrangement of fibrillar tissue components Here, we demonstrate a critical improvement in leveraging this contrast mechanism by employing the improved spatial resolution of focus-extended optical coherence microscopy 14 µm axially in air and 16 µm laterally, over more than 70 µm depth of field  https//wwwselleckchemcom/products/mitoquinone-mesylatehtml  Vectorial birefringence imaging of sheep cornea ex vivo reveals its lamellar organization into thin sections with distinct local optic axis orientations, paving the way to resolving similar features in vivo © 2020 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing AgreementWe present a deep-learning approach for solving the problem of 2π phase ambiguities in two-dimensional quantitative phase maps of biological cells, using a multi-layer encoder-decoder residual convolutional neural network We test the trained network, PhUn-Net, on various types of biological cells, captured with various interferometric setups, as well as on simulated phantoms These tests demonstrate the robustness and generality of the network, even for cells of different morphologies or different illumination conditions than PhUn-Net has been trained on In this paper, for the first time, we make the trained network publicly available in a global format, such that it can be easily deployed on every platform, to yield fast and robust phase unwrapping, not requiring prior knowledge or complex implementation By this, we expect our phase unwrapping approach to be widely used, substituting conventional and more time-consuming phase unwrapping algorithms © 2020 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing AgreementCapillary waves are associated with fluid mechanical properties Optical coherence tomography OCT has previously been used to determine the viscoelasticity of soft tissues or cornea Here we report that OCT was able to evaluate phase velocities of capillary waves in fluids The capillary waves of water, porcine whole blood and plasma on the interfacial surface, air-fluid in this case, are discussed in theory, and phase velocities of capillary waves were estimated by both our OCT experiments and theoretical calculations Our experiments revealed highly comparable results with theoretical calculations We concluded that OCT would be a promising tool to evaluate phase velocities of capillary waves in fluids The methods described in this study could be applied to determine surface tensions and viscosities of fluids for differentiating hematological diseases in the future potential biological applications © 2020 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing AgreementRemoval of complex aberrations at millisecond time scales over millimeters in distance in multiphoton laser scanning microscopy limits the total spatiotemporal imaging throughput for deep tissue imaging Using a single low resolution deformable mirror and time multiplexing TM adaptive optics, we demonstrate video rate aberration correction 5 ms update rate for a single wavefront mask for a complex heterogeneous distribution of refractive index differences through a depth of up to 11 mm and an extended imaging FOV of up to 08 mm, with up to 167 recovery of fluorescence intensity 335 µm from the center of the FOV The proposed approach, termed raster adaptive optics RAO, integrates image-based aberration retrieval and video rate removal of arbitrarily defined regions of dominant, spatially varied wavefronts The extended FOV was achieved by demonstrating rapid recovery of up to 50 distinct wavefront masks at 500 ms update rates that increased imaging throughput by 23-fold Because RAO only requires a single deformable mirror with image-based aberration retrieval, it can be directly implemented on a standard laser scanning multiphoton microscope © 2020 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing AgreementWe demonstrate an automatic recognition strategy for terahertz THz pulsed signals of breast invasive ductal carcinoma IDC based on a wavelet entropy feature extraction and a machine learning classifier The wavelet packet transform was implemented into the complexity analysis of the transmission THz signal from a breast tissue sample A novel index of energy to Shannon entropy ratio ESER was proposed to distinguish different tissues Furthermore, the principal component analysis PCA method and machine learning classifier were further adopted and optimized for automatic classification of the THz signal from breast IDC sample The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves are all larger than 089 for the three adopted classifiers The best breast IDC recognition performance is with the precision, sensitivity and specificity of 9285, 8966 and 9667, respectively The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the ESER index together with the machine learning classifier for automatically identifying different breast tissues © 2020 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing AgreementReflection phase imaging provides label-free, high-resolution characterization of biological samples, typically using interferometric-based techniques Here, we investigate reflection phase microscopy from intensity-only measurements under diverse illumination We evaluate the forward and inverse scattering model based on the first Born approximation for imaging scattering objects above a glass slide Under this design, the measured field combines linear forward-scattering and height-dependent nonlinear back-scattering from the object that complicates object phase recovery Using only the forward-scattering, we derive a linear inverse scattering model and evaluate this model's validity range in simulation and experiment using a standard reflection microscope modified with a programmable light source Our method provides enhanced contrast of thin, weakly scattering samples that complement transmission techniques This model provides a promising development for creating simplified intensity-based reflection quantitative phase imaging systems easily adoptable for biological research © 2020 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing AgreementThis study examines the osteogenic effect of femtosecond laser bone ablation on bone mesenchymal stromal cells BMSCs Three-week old Sprague-Dawley SD rats were selected for experiments Right tibias were ablated by a 10-W femtosecond laser treated group, whereas left tibias were not subjected to laser ablation control group After ablation, BMSCs of both tibias were cultured and purified separately Cell proliferation was then analyzed, as well as the expressions of RNA and several proteins alkaline phosphatase ALP, runt-related transcription factor 2 RUNX2 and osteocalcin OCN The results suggest that femtosecond laser ablation promotes the differentiation of BMSCs and up-regulates the expression of ALP, RUNX2, and OCN, without affecting BMSC proliferation © 2020 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing AgreementLaser-tissue vaporization through a fiber catheter is evolving into a major category of surgical operations to remove diseased tissue Currently, during a surgery, the surgeon still relies on personal experience to optimize surgical techniques Monitoring tissue temperature during laser-tissue vaporization would provide important feedback to the surgeon; however, simple and low-cost temperature sensing technology, which can be seamlessly integrated with a fiber catheter, is not available We propose to monitor tissue temperature during laser-tissue vaporization by detecting blackbody radiation BBR between 16 µm-18 µm, a relatively transparent window for both water and silica fiber We could detect BBR after passing through a 2-meter silica fiber down to ∼70°C using lock-in detection We further proved the feasibility of the technology through ex vivo tissue studies We found that the BBR can be correlated to different tissue vaporization levels The results suggest that this simple and low-cost technology could be used to provide objective feedback for surgeons to maximize laser-tissue vaporization efficiency and ensure the best clinical outcomes link2 © 2020 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing AgreementSingle molecule localization microscopy SMLM is one of the key techniques that break the classical resolution limit in optical imaging It is based on taking multiple recordings of a sample, each showing only a sparse arrangement of spatially well separated fluorescent molecules which can be localized at nanometer precision While localizing along the lateral directions is usually straightforward, estimating axial positions at a comparable precision is known to be much harder, which is due to the relatively large depth of focus provided by the microscope optics Whenever a molecule is sufficiently close to the coverslip, it becomes feasible to draw additional information from near field coupling effects super-critical angle fluorescence SAF appears and can be exploited to boost the axial localization precision Here we propose defocused imaging as a SMLM strategy that is capable of leveraging the information contained in SAF link3 We show that, regarding axial localization precision, our approach is superior to established SAF-based approaches At the same time it is simple and can be conducted on any research-grade microscope where controlled defocusing on the order of a few hundred nanometers is possible Published by The Optical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 40 License Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the authors and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOIThere is a hypothesis that augmentation of the drainage and clearing function of the meningeal lymphatic vessels MLVs might be a promising therapeutic target for preventing neurological diseases Here we investigate mechanisms of photobiomodulation PBM, 1267 nm of lymphatic drainage and clearance Our results obtained at optical coherence tomography OCT give strong evidence that low PBM doses 5 and 10 J/cm2 stimulate drainage function of the lymphatic vessels via vasodilation OCT data on the mesenteric lymphatics and stimulation of lymphatic clearance OCT data on clearance of gold nanorods from the brain that was supported by confocal imaging of clearance of FITC-dextran from the cortex via MLVs We assume that PBM-mediated relaxation of the lymphatic vessels can be possible mechanisms underlying increasing the permeability of the lymphatic endothelium that allows molecules transported by the lymphatic vessels and explain PBM stimulation of lymphatic drainage and clearance These findings open new strategies for the stimulation of MLVs functions and non-pharmacological therapy of brain diseases © 2020 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement