The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 iso-C15 0 2-OH and/or C16 1 ω7c, C16 0, summed feature 8 C18 1 ω7c and/or C18 1 ω6c, and cyclo-C17 0 The DNA G + C content was 699 The average nucleotide identity OrthoANI, in silico DNA-DNA hybridization dDDH, and conventional DDH relatedness values were below the species demarcation values for novel species Based on genomic, genetic, phylogenetic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic characterizations, strain G-1-1-14T represents a novel species within the genus Azohydromonas, for which the name Azohydromonas caseinilytica sp nov is proposed The type strain is G-1-1-14T = KACC 21615 T = NBRC 114390 T Spores from the Bacillus species pose a challenge to the food industry because of their ubiquitous nature and extreme resistance Accumulated evidence indicates that it is effective to induce spore germination homogenously before killing them  https//wwwselleckchemcom/products/4sc-202html  However, it is difficult to obtain and apply exogenous germination factors, which will affect food composition Therefore, this study screened endogenous germinants from microorganisms by assessing the effect of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and Streptococcus thermophilus cultures cell-free on B subtilis spore germination The results showed that the supernatants from these five microorganisms induced spore germination instead of sediments Moreover, the supernatants of E coli, B subtilis, and S cerevisiae exhibited higher germination rates than L plantarum and S thermophilus, and the induction effects were concentration-dependent Furthermore, plate counting confirmed that the microbial supernatants induced the lowest spore germination ratio on strains B subtilis FB85 [germination receptors GRs mutant] but not strains B subtilis PB705 PrkC mutant In addition, B subtilis and S cerevisiae supernatants, combined with pressure and temperature, were effective in spore inactivation The findings suggested that microbial supernatants may include agents that induce spore germination and may be used for spore inactivationHosts influence and are influenced by viral replication Cell size, for example, is a fundamental trait for microbial hosts that can not only alter the probability of viral adsorption, but also constrain the host physiological processes that the virus relies on to replicate This intrinsic connection can affect the fitness of both host and virus, and therefore their mutual evolution Here, we study the coevolution of bacterial hosts and their viruses by considering the dependence of viral performance on the host physiological state viral plasticity To this end, we modified a standard host-lytic phage model to include viral plasticity, and compared the coevolutionary strategies emerging under different scenarios, including cases in which only the virus or the host evolve For all cases, we also obtained the evolutionary prediction of the traditional version of the model, which assumes a non-plastic virus Our results reveal that the presence of the virus leads to an increase in host size and growth rate in the long term, which benefits both interacting populations Our results also show that viral plasticity and evolution influence the classic host quality-quantity trade-off Poor nutrient environments lead to abundant low-quality hosts, which tends to increase viral infection time Conversely, richer nutrient environments lead to fewer but high-quality hosts, which decrease viral infection time Our results can contribute to advancing our understanding of the microbial response to changing environments For instance, both cell size and viral-induced mortality are essential factors that determine the structure and dynamics of the marine microbial community, and therefore our study can improve predictions of how marine ecosystems respond to environmental change Our study can also help devise more reliable strategies to use phage to, for example, fight bacterial infectionsThe genomic revolution and subsequent advances in large-scale genomic and transcriptomic technologies highlighted hidden genomic treasures Among them stand out non-coding small RNAs sRNAs, shown to play important roles in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in both pro- and eukaryotes Bacterial sRNA-encoding genes were initially identified in intergenic regions, but recent evidence suggest that they can be encoded within other, well-defined, genomic elements This notion was strongly supported by data generated by RIL-seq, a RNA-seq-based methodology we recently developed for deciphering chaperon-dependent sRNA-target networks in bacteria Applying RIL-seq to Hfq-bound RNAs in Escherichia coli, we found that ∼64 of the detected RNA pairs involved known sRNAs, suggesting that yet unknown sRNAs may be included in the ∼36 remaining pairs To determine the latter, we first tested and refined a set of quantitative features derived from RIL-seq data, which distinguish between Hfq-dependent sRNAs and "other RNAs" We then incorporated these features in a machine learning-based algorithm that predicts novel sRNAs from RIL-seq data, and identified high-scoring candidates encoded in various genomic regions, mostly intergenic regions and 3' untranslated regions, but also 5' untranslated regions and coding sequences Several candidates were further tested and verified by northern blot analysis as Hfq-dependent sRNAs Our study reinforces the emerging concept that sRNAs are encoded within various genomic elements, and provides a computational framework for the detection of additional sRNAs in Hfq RIL-seq data of E coli grown under different conditions and of other bacteria manifesting Hfq-mediated sRNA-target interactionsOyster mushrooms genus Pleurotus are widespread and comprise the most commonly cultivated edible mushrooms in the world Species identification of oyster mushroom spawn based on cultural, morphological, and cultivated characteristics is time consuming and can be extraordinarily difficult, which has impeded mushroom breeding and caused economic loss for mushroom growers To explore a precise and concise approach for species identification, the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer ITS, 28S rDNA, and the widely used protein-coding marker translation elongation factor 1α EF-1α gene were evaluated as candidate DNA barcode markers to investigate their feasibility in identifying 13 oyster mushroom species A total of 160 sequences of the candidate loci were analyzed Intra- and interspecific divergences and the ease of nucleotide sequence acquisition were the criteria used to evaluate the candidate genes EF-1α showed the best intra- and interspecific variation among the candidate markers and discriminated 84