esource settings in high-income countriesInfluenza viruses grown in eggs for the purposes of vaccine generation often acquire mutations during egg adaptation or possess different glycosylation patterns than viruses circulating among humans Here, we report that seasonal influenza virus vaccines possess an egg-derived glycan that is an antigenic decoy, with egg-binding MAbs reacting with a sulfated N-acetyllactosamine LacNAc Half of subjects that received an egg-grown vaccine mounted an antibody response against this egg-derived antigen Egg-binding monoclonal antibodies specifically bind viruses grown in eggs, but not viruses grown in other chicken-derived cells, suggesting that only egg-grown vaccines can induce antiegg antibodies Notably, antibodies against the egg antigen utilized a restricted antibody repertoire and possessed features of natural antibodies, as most antibodies were IgM and had a simple heavy-chain complementarity-determining region 3 By analyzing a public data set of influenza virus vaccine-induced plasmablasts, we discovered egg-binding public clonotypes that were shared across studies Together, this study shows that egg-grown vaccines can induce antibodies against an egg-associated glycan, which may divert the host immune response away from protective epitopesAntibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains constitute a major public health concern worldwide and are responsible for both health care- and community-associated infections Here, we establish a robust and easy-to-implement model of oral S aureus infection using Drosophila melanogaster larvae that allowed us to follow the fate of S aureus at the whole-organism level as well as the host immune responses  https//wwwselleckchemcom/products/apoptozolehtml  Our study demonstrates that S aureus infection triggers H2O2 production by the host via the Duox enzyme, thereby promoting antimicrobial peptide production through activation of the Toll pathway Staphylococcal catalase mediates H2O2 neutralization, which not only promotes S aureus survival but also minimizes the host antimicrobial response, hence reducing bacterial clearance in vivo We show that while catalase expression is regulated in vitro by the accessory gene regulatory system Agr and the general stress response regulator sigma B SigB, it no longer depends on these two master regulators iion S aureus catalase plays a key role in this complex environment and acts in vivo independently from SigB and Agr control We propose that fly larvae can provide a general model for studying the colonization capabilities of human pathogensFungi grow by apical extension of their hyphae The continuous growth requires constant delivery of vesicles, which fuse with the membrane and secrete cell wall biosynthesis enzymes The growth mechanism requires the fungal cytoskeleton and turgor pressure In a recent study by Fukuda et al mBio 12e03196-20, 2021, https//doiorg/101128/mBio03196-20, hyphal growth was studied in microfluidic devices with channels smaller than the hyphal diameter The authors discovered that fast-growing fungi like Neurospora crassa enter the channels, but hyphal tips become fragile and rupture frequently, whereas slower-growing fungi like Aspergillus nidulans adapt their hyphal diameter and grow without problems through the channels This study suggests two different growth mechanisms and a tradeoff between hyphal plasticity and growth speedMacrotermitine termites have domesticated fungi in the genus Termitomyces as their primary food source using predigested plant biomass To access the full nutritional value of lignin-enriched plant biomass, the termite-fungus symbiosis requires the depolymerization of this complex phenolic polymer While most previous work suggests that lignocellulose degradation is accomplished predominantly by the fungal cultivar, our current understanding of the underlying biomolecular mechanisms remains rudimentary Here, we provide conclusive omics and activity-based evidence that Termitomyces employs not only a broad array of carbohydrate-active enzymes CAZymes but also a restricted set of oxidizing enzymes manganese peroxidase, dye decolorization peroxidase, an unspecific peroxygenase, laccases, and aryl-alcohol oxidases and Fenton chemistry for biomass degradation We propose for the first time that Termitomyces induces hydroquinone-mediated Fenton chemistry Fe2+ + H2O2 + H+ → Fe3+ + •OH + H2O using a herein newd lignin degradation mechanism, to break down lignin-rich plant material Insights into these efficient decomposition mechanisms reveal new sources of efficient ligninolytic agents applicable for energy generation from renewable sourcesClostridioides difficile is a noteworthy pathogen in patients with inflammatory bowel disease IBD Patients with IBD who develop concurrent C difficile infection CDI experience increased morbidity and mortality IBD is associated with intestinal inflammation and alterations of the gut microbiota, both of which can diminish colonization resistance to C difficile Here, we describe the development of a mouse model to explore the role that IBD-induced changes of the gut microbiome play in susceptibility to C difficile Helicobacter hepaticus, a normal member of the mouse gut microbiota, triggers pathological inflammation in the distal intestine akin to human IBD in mice that lack intact interleukin 10 IL-10 signaling We demonstrate that mice with H hepaticus-induced IBD were susceptible to C difficile colonization in the absence of other perturbations, such as antibiotic treatment Concomitant IBD and CDI were associated with significantly worse disease than observed in animals with colitis alone Dedevelopment We demonstrate that the development of IBD is sufficient to render mice susceptible to C difficile colonization and results in significantly worse disease than IBD alone Furthermore, this model requires IBD-induced inflammation to overcome colonization resistance to C difficile This model recapitulates human IBD and CDI comorbidity and will aid in developing new clinical approaches to predict, diagnose, and treat C difficile infection in the IBD population