Moreover, non-photochemical quenching, namely pNPQ, revealed the ability of anthocyanins to photoprotect photosystem II from supernumerary photons reaching the chloroplast, whose function was compromised by girdling The present study provides a starting point to understand the possible link between photosynthesis regulation through sugar signalling and anthocyanin upregulation Various abiotic stresses, including high salinity, affect the growth and yield of crop plants We isolated a gene, TaPUB26, from wheat that encodes a protein containing a U-box domain and armadillo ARM repeats  https//wwwselleckchemcom/products/NXY-059html  The TaPUB26 transcript levels were upregulated by high salinity, temperature, drought and phytohormones, suggesting the involvement of TaPUB26 in abiotic stress responses An in vitro ubiquitination assay revealed that TaPUB26 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase We overexpressed TaPUB26 in Brachypodium distachyon to evaluate TaPUB26 regulation of salt stress tolerance Compared with the wild type WT line, the overexpression lines showed higher salt stress sensitivity under salt stress conditions, but lower chlorophyll Chl content, lower photosynthetic levels and overall reduced salt stress tolerance Additionally, the transgenic plants showed more severe membrane damage, lower antioxidant enzyme activity and more reactive oxygen species ROS accumulation than WT plants under salt stress, which might be related to the changes in the expression levels of some antioxidant genes In addition, the transgenic plants also had higher Na+ and lower K+ contents, thus maintaining a higher cytosolic Na+/K+ ratio in leaves and roots than that in WT plants Further analysis of the molecular mechanisms showed that TaPUB26 interacted with TaRPT2a, an ATPase subunit of the 26S proteasome complex in wheat We speculated that TaPUB26 negatively regulates salt stress tolerance by interacting with other proteins, such as TaRPT2a, and that this mechanism involves altered antioxidant competition and cytosolic Na+/K+ equilibrium Fagopyrum cymosum has been considered as a traditional medicinal plant that belongs to Fagopyrum, which has exhibited great pharmaceutical potential due to its abundant flavonoid accumulation The hairy roots induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes has been utilized to produce valuable specialized metabolites or reveals plant metabolic processes, whereas the underlying regulatory networks of flavonoid biosynthesis in hairy roots of F cymosum remained unexplored Here, the regulatory transcription factor TrMYB4 cloned from Trifolium repens with purple striped leaves was considered to investigate the mechanism of flavonoids biosynthesis in hairy roots of F cymosum Results showed that the expression of key genes involved in rutin biosynthesis pathway from TrMYB4 hairy roots were significantly up-regulated compared with non-transgenic hairy roots, while the content of total flavonoids and rutin in TrMYB4 hairy roots also increased consistently It revealed the TrMYB4 transcription factor could regulate the rutin biosynthesis in F cymosum Meanwhile, our research provided a theoretical reference for the industrial production of rutin using F cymosum hairy roots VTriterpenoids produced by the secondary metabolism of Betula platyphylla Suk exhibit important pharmacological activities, such as tumor inhibition, anti-HIV, and defense against pathogens, but the yield of natural synthesis is low, which is insufficient to meet people's needs In this study, we identified two OSC genes of birch, named as BpCAS and Bpβ-AS, respectively The expression of BpCAS and Bpβ-AS were higher levels in roots and in stems, respectively, and they induced expression in response to methyl jasmonate MeJA, gibberellin GA3, abscisic acid ABA, ethylene and mechanical damage The function of the two genes in the triterpene synthesis of birch was identified by reverse genetics The inhibition of Bpβ-AS gene positively regulates synthesis of betulinic acid BpCAS interference can significantly promote the upregulation of lupeol synthase gene BPW and β-amyrin synthase geneBPY, and conversion of 2,3-oxidosqualene to the downstream products betulinic acid and oleanolic acid This study provided a basis for the genetic improvement of triterpenoid synthesis in birch through genetic engineering The obtained transgenic birch and suspension cells served as material resources for birch triterpenoid applications in further Tomato fruit ripening is regulated by transcription factors TFs, their downstream effector genes, and the ethylene biosynthesis and signalling pathway Spontaneous non-ripening mutants ripening inhibitor rin, non-ripening nor and Colorless non-ripening Cnr correspond with mutations in or near the TF-encoding genes MADS-RIN, NAC-NOR and SPL-CNR, respectively Here, we produced heterozygous single and double mutants of rin, nor and Cnr and evaluated their functions and genetic interactions in the same genetic background We showed how these mutations interact at the level of phenotype, individual effector gene expression, and sensory and quality aspects, in a dose-dependent manner Rin and nor have broadly similar quantitative effects on all aspects, demonstrating their additivity in fruit ripening regulation We also found that the Cnr allele is epistatic to rin and nor and that its pleiotropic effects on fruit size and volatile production, in contrast to the well-known dominant effect on ripening, are incompletely dominant, or recessive Both salicylic acid SA and ethylene induce stomatal closure and positively regulate stomatal immunity, but their interactions in guard cell signaling are unclear Here, we observed that SA induced the expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes; the production of ethylene, reactive oxygen species ROS and nitric oxide NO; and stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana However, SA-induced stomatal closure was inhibited by an ethylene biosynthetic inhibitor and mutations in ethylene biosynthetic genes, ethylene-signaling genes [RESPONSE TO ANTAGONIST 1 RAN1, ETHYLENE RESPONSE 1 ETR1, ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 EIN2, EIN3 and ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR 2 ARR2], NADPH oxidase genes [ATRBOHD and ATRBOHF], and nitrate reductase genes NIA1 and NIA2 Furthermore, SA-triggered ROS production in guard cells was impaired in ran1, etr1, AtrbohD and AtrbohF, but not in ein2, ein3 or arr2 SA-triggered NO production was impaired in all ethylene-signaling mutants tested and in nia1 and nia2 The stomata of mutants for CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1 CTR1 showed constitutive ROS and NO production and closure These results indicate that ethylene mediates SA-induced stomatal closure by activating ATRBOHD/F-mediated ROS synthesis in an RAN1-, ETR1- and CTR1-dependent manner This in turn induces NIA1/2-mediated NO production and subsequent stomatal closure via the ETR1, EIN2, EIN3 and ARR2-dependent pathways German chamomile Matricaria chamomilla L is one of the most ancient medicinal species in the world and terpenoids from their flowers have important medicinal value We cloned three sesquiterpene synthase genes, McGDS1, McGDS2 and McGDS3, and performed sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis The encoded proteins possess three conserved structural features an RRxxxxxxxxW motif, an RxR motif, and a DDxxD motif McGDS1, McGDS2 and McGDS3 were confirmed to be E-farnesene synthase, germacrene D synthase, and germacrene A synthase, respectively Subcellular localization revealed diffuse GFP reporter-gene signals in the cytoplasm and nucleus qPCR indicated that McGDS1, McGDS2 and McGDS3, were more highly expressed in young flowers than in old flowers and the expression was highly correlated with amounts of the end-product essential oils E-β-farnesene, germacrene D and β-elemene, with coefficients of 076, 083 and 068, respectively We also established a transformation system for chamomile hairy roots The overexpression of McGDS1, McGDS2 and McGDS3 resulted in γ-muurolene accumulation in hairy roots The activity of three aphid alarm pheromones here forms the molecular basis for the study of the biosynthesis and regulation of volatile terpenes Transformation of chamomile hairy roots provides a simple system in which to study terpene biosynthesis in chamomile Glutathione reductase GR; EC 1642 is a key NADPH-dependent flavo-protein oxidoreductase which can catalyze the oxidized glutathione GSSG to reduced glutathione GSH to protect plant cells from oxidative damage induced by Reactive oxygen species ROS burst To investigate the biochemical characteristics and functional divergence of Populus GR family, three GR genes PtGR11/12/2 were cloned from Populus trichocarpa and their biochemical characteristics were analyzed in this study All the three genes were expressed in root, stem, leaf and bud, and the expression of PtGR genes were general upregulated under salicylic acid and alamethicin treatment PtGR11 and PtGR12 were localized in cytoplasm, while PtGR2 was in chloroplast The three PtGR proteins showed different enzymatic activities, apparent kinetic characteristic and thermal stability profiles However, they have similar bivalent metal ions Cu2+, Cd2+, Zn2+ and Pb2+ sensitivity and optimum pH profiles Our study sheds light on a comprehensive information of glutathione reductase family in P trichocarpa, and proved PtGR genes play critical roles when suffering different stresses As the major nutritional component in soybean seeds storage proteins are initially synthesized on the endoplasmic reticulum as precursors and subsequently delivered to protein storage vacuoles PSVs via the Golgi-mediated pathway where they are converted into mature subunits and accumulated However, the molecular machinery required for storage protein trafficking in soybean remains largely unknown In this study, we cloned the sole soybean homolog of OsGPA3 that encodes a plant-unique kelch-repeat regulator of post-Golgi vesicular traffic for rice storage protein sorting A complementation test showed that GmGPA3 could rescue the rice gpa3 mutant Biochemical assays verified that GmGPA3 physically interacts with GmRab5 and its guanine exchange factor GEF GmVPS9 Expression of GmGPA3 had no obvious effect on the GEF activity of GmVPS9 toward GmRab5a Notably, knock-down of GmGPA3 disrupted the trafficking of mmRFP-CT10 an artificial cargo destined for PSVs in developing soybean cotyledons We identified two putative GmGPA3 interacting partners GmGMG3 and GmGMG11 by screening a yeast cDNA library Overexpression of GmGPA3 or GmGMG3 caused shrunken cotyledon cells Our overall results suggested that GmGPA3 plays an important role in cell growth and development, in addition to its conserved role in mediating storage protein trafficking in soybean cotyledons Plant specialized terpenoids are natural products that have no obvious role in growth and development, but play many important functional roles to improve the plant's overall fitness Besides, plant specialized terpenoids have immense value to humans due to their applications in fragrance, flavor, cosmetic, and biofuel industries Understanding the fundamental aspects involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of these high-value molecules in plants not only paves the path to enhance plant traits, but also facilitates homologous or heterologous engineering for overproduction of target molecules of importance Recent developments in functional genomics and high-throughput analytical techniques have led to unraveling of several novel aspects involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of plant specialized terpenoids The knowledge thus derived has been successfully utilized to produce target specialized terpenoids of plant origin in homologous or heterologous host systems by metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches