To investigate the effects of mesenchymal stem cells injections for treatment of post-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. A total of 46 patients were eligible and enrolled in the study. Twenty-three patients were treated with cell therapy and 23 patients with hip arthroplasty (control group). During a minimum follow-up duration of 10years, radiographs were used to evaluate the radiological results, and the Harris Hip Score (HHS) and visual analog scale were chosen to assess the clinical results. For the cell therapy group, the product obtained by bone marrow aspiration in the iliac crest before concentration had a mean value of 2480 MSCs/mL (range 730 to 3800). The concentration product was containing average 9300 MSCs/mL (range 3930 to 19,800). At the most recent follow-up (average 15years after the first surgery, range 10 to 20years), among the 23 hips treated with cell therapy (concentrate bone marrow), 6 hips (26%) had collapsed and had required total hip arthroplasty (THA) without revision. Among the 23 hips treated with a primary THA, 7 (30.4%) had required one revision (second THA) at a mean follow-up of 6years (range 1 to 12years); two of these 7 hips had a re-revision; principal causes of revision were recurrent dislocations (3 cases) aseptic loosening (3 revisions) and infection (1 revision). As consequence, we observed significant (P<0.01) better survival time before revision for the cell therapy group. Better results with cell therapy were obtained for treatment at early stages before collapse. The present study has demonstrated encouraging effects of cell therapy in early post-traumatic hip osteonecrosis and provides another choice for treatment in early stages I to II.The present study has demonstrated encouraging effects of cell therapy in early post-traumatic hip osteonecrosis and provides another choice for treatment in early stages I to II.Several epidemiological studies have identified the cigarette smoke as a risk factor for the infection and development of tuberculosis. Nicotine is considered the main immunomodulatory molecule of the cigarette. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of nicotine in the growth of M. tuberculosis. Lung epithelial cells and macrophages were infected with M. tuberculosis and/or treated with nicotine. The results show that nicotine increased the growth of M. tuberculosis mainly in type II pneumocytes (T2P) but not in airway basal epithelial cells nor macrophages. Further, it was observed that nicotine decreased the production of β-defensin-2, β-defensin-3, and the cathelicidin LL-37 in all the evaluated cells at 24 and 72 h post-infection. The modulation of the expression of antimicrobial peptides appears to be partially mediated by the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 since the blockade of this receptor partially reverted the production of antimicrobial peptides. In summary, it was found that nicotine decreases the production of HBD-2, HBD-3, and LL-37 in T2P during the infection with M. tuberculosis promoting its intracellular growth.Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the only FDA approved first line therapy for patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. Since the turn of the 20th century BCG has been used as a vaccine for protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and has also been found to have protection against nontuberculosis related pathogens. Recently the role of "trained immunity" has been identified as a possible mechanism for BCG vaccine-mediated immunity to Mtb. Similarly, BCG has been used as an immunotherapy for bladder cancer for more than 40 years, and the underlying mechanisms for BCG-mediated anti-tumor activity is poorly characterized. Several studies have shown that multiple immune pathways contribute to the immune response, and efficacy of intravesicle BCG as a cancer therapy. It is vital that we integrate our understanding of BCG as a vaccine and as a cancer therapeutic to facilitate design of future studies in order to maximize the immunotherapeutic potential of BCG. In this review we will outline the role of BCG as a vaccine, the known immune pathways that are activated by intravesical BCG and outline a potential clinical study integrating BCG vaccination prior to intravesicle instillation of BCG. Patients with bladder cancer have a high risk of suicide. This study aimed to assess how bladder cancer increases suicide risk and to identify the demographic and clinical factors associated with suicidal death among patients with bladder cancer. Literature search of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, Web of Sciences and Cochrane Library databases was conducted up to April 2020 to identify eligible studies related to the incidence and risk factors of suicide after bladder cancer diagnosis. Phenazine methosulfate molecular weight Summary multivariate-adjusted risk estimates and their associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using inverse variance method with random or fixed-effect modeling. Five retrospective cohorts comprising 563,680 patients with bladder cancer were included. Higher risk of suicide by 1.90-fold was observed among patients with bladder cancer (hazard ratio, HR = 1.90, 95% CI 1.29-2.81; P = 0.001; I  = 81.2%), especially in those aged 70 years or older (HR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.29-1.43; P < 0.001; I  = 0%), unmarried (HR = 1.72, 95% CI 1.61-1.83; P < 0.001; I  = 0%), and those with regional bladder cancer (HR = 1.88, 95% CI 1.10-3.21; P = 0.021; I  = 96.3%), compared with those without bladder cancer. Furthermore, gender and race were not associated with increased suicide risk among patients with bladder cancer. Suicide risk is increased among patients with bladder cancer, particularly those aged 70 years or older, unmarried and those with regional bladder cancer. Hence, early psychological support must be provided during the follow-up period of these special populations with a high suicide risk.Suicide risk is increased among patients with bladder cancer, particularly those aged 70 years or older, unmarried and those with regional bladder cancer. Hence, early psychological support must be provided during the follow-up period of these special populations with a high suicide risk.

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